Karl von TerzaghiKarl Terzaghi'nin in 1898 to enter the Imperial Academy of the Royal Navy rejected his application due to a slight eye defect will leave the military school in that year, and from there through in Graz in 1900, he graduated from high school science. Graz Technical University, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering will request a record of the same year. Engineering courses that continue for four years except the first and last lesson is hard to say. Terzaghi is not actually a student staple. Only, you need to continue, not lessons. Or 19 century philosophy, the history of philosophy, experimental psychology, art history, general geology, petrography, paleontology, astronomy, theoretical courses such as most regular students.
Terzaghi final examination in June 1904 as a mechanical engineer, graduated from the Technical University of Graz is achieved. A few months after graduation, a machine factory in Andritz'teki voluntary work as an intern. During this time, sustain his life as an engineer thoroughly understands the machine. Technical University of Graz, much loved by the work of Terzaghi disciplines of geology and civil engineering concentrates. Bridges and railways will continue with classes. After that decide to work in the field of civil engineering and its relevance to this suretlejeoloji kaybetmeyecektir no. Terzaghi in Vienna in the autumn of 1906, Adolf Pittel Engineering and Construction Firm starts work as a project engineer.
Meanwhile, the seemingly solid foundation laid over the soil layers and the collapse of a dam being built in the city center of Vienna, high-rise, high unexpected excessive settlement that occurred in a structure, a great influence on Terzaghi'yi. Her sense of helplessness to doing things that should be between geology and basic engineering sciences on the relationship is suggestive. That is to direct themselves to decide to investigate this relationship. This is an important decision. Terzaghi and after this the path is chosen. This road is going to be tough no matter how long and yet not farklında. This is bored walking on the road, bunalacak, despair kapılacak but never give up walking.
Trying to communicate with company workers and the masters and learn to carry out work in a disciplined manner. Business administration and bite through the eyes of superiors in the organization's success. Terzaghi, one of them to "-I do not think he will stay more in our shop. Managing the organization of a giant dam on the Nile, I see it already, "he said. Indeed, the prophecy, and coming in the future Terzaghi Dam on the Nile to Aswan will serve as chairman of the advisory committee. After the completion of the tunnel where the job is running in the fall of 1909 returned to Vienna. There on the Adriatic coast, Croatia's hydroelectric power plant project in order to prepare a group of companies that will accept the offer. Spent two years in office tells a very happy it passed Terzaghi. Because the vast mountains of re-found it and hopes to contribute to the solution of problems which concerns the activities entered into his mind. Project is completed in early 1911. Terzaghi during this time, Croatia has developed a theory about the formation of karstların. In this theory, Terzaghi, geomorphological evolution and the current slope gradients in Croatia karstlarındaki polyelerin explains (polye: karstlarda encountered a long, narrow and deep, cover the valleys). Herbert Einstein, MIT professor of geology, geologist Terzaghi'nin aspect of the research on this theory, expressed: "Terzaghi, especially in relation to the speed of the production of carbon dioxide in the forest and forest land area of eroded limestone melting observed difference. As a result, polyelerin, which remained higher in places where flooding has destroyed forests that flashes in this issue. This incident led to a decrease has determined that the rate of limestone erimelerinin. "
Croatia, following the work of Terzaghi, a bank building in Saint Petersburg, Russia in dealing with serious problems related to foundation excavation expenses. The beauty and charm of the city Terzaghi'de inspire awe in the media. There is a raft foundation laid on the floor facing the clay and peat. Basic pit was excavated without adequate measures for the settlement occurred in adjacent buildings, and some important buildings have been threatened by demolition. At that time, Russia has Easter holiday. After examining the problem of Terzaghi's room is closed. At the end of the third day of the new project was born. After several weeks of work per Terzaghi passed successfully during the job ends. Terzaghi in Russia will continue to operate until December 1911. During the study, written in Russia, "the circular tank bottoms Account" by January 16, 1912 Graz Technical University Ph.D. dissertation gives. Now it hopes to realize their dreams is to travel. Discover in the America.
Ship that will take him to America from the port of Cuxhaven on Friday, February 16, 1912 is iron. Done in previous years, the President decided to go to America Terzaghi'nin Roosvelt'in "Reform Ordinance," irrigation program is about to begin. Estimated cost of this program, each of which is approximately 80 million dollars, the height to 100 m near the dam and irrigation facilities, construction and includes the manufacture of up to 60. Terzaghi is aware of this program. Terzaghi, during the sightseeing trip to America, the places where events very like it almost hepsindeki site. There is no unnecessary wastage on construction sites and energy loss, and concluded that arrives at construction sites are managed according to the principle of rationality. Nevertheless, the principle of rationality and the absence of anxiety is high yield, but very friendly and warm relations between people are often extracts from sites in Russia.
Have come closer to the end of 1912, Terzaghi is still unable to find work and money are running out of fading. Columbia River Big Eddy understands not find a job as an engineer and work as part of sondör starts during the construction of the spillways. Its main purpose is both to make money, but also to learn the techniques of American drilling and destroyed. Terzaghi, this order is the ordinary workers an opportunity to get to know their world of emotion and thought. Among many people, personal courage, respect, helpfulness and ability to identify superior to their peers who read well in schools finds.
The same year, towards the end of winter ahead of time before the explosion of a shell wounded destroyed. Portland, Oregon, again looking for work after leaving the hospital in a suburb of one of the café, he meets an architect. Her architect, an engineer calculate the dome of a church under construction in Portland can not find the mentions. Terzaghi accounts dome. This too has appeal to architects and Terzaghi'ye help in finding jobs. Thus, on the one hand, "Portland Gas and Coke co." Company makes the basic engineering work.
South America, Argentina, in preparation to go and do business, then news about the economic crisis that prevents the travel. Then decides to return to Austria. Anlaşıp with two colleagues to set up a construction company in Vienna decide. Year 1914'tür. Subsequently receive the first orders of the First World War explodes. The company plans to fall into the water. As a first lieutenant assigned to the front of the order of 5 January 1914, the Serbian Terzaghi'ye income. Handle Position in the Sava River Danube is a matter of expanding the infantry positions. Of skilled and unskilled workers are the order of 260 people. However, those with health problems among soldiers, are sick and weak. Terzaghi'nin their doctors several times for the control of the application remains inconclusive and that the news comes that they will be shipped without medical control. Terzaghi'nin conscience would not allow it and the health control of it he decides to do. Examination of a hernia at the end of 16, 4 degrees of blindness, weakness of sight, 4 severe tuberculosis, 2 syphilis, 8 severe varicose veins, 1 severe eczema, a very weak 14 soldiers demobilized soldiers will identify and pay their salaries and lucrative farewell to their homes overnight. Expressing their gratitude to the troops leaving her very duygulandırır Terzaghi'ye. Terzaghi working under the command of the battalion front, with the south-east roads, tunnels, bridges successfully perform their jobs such as construction. Terzaghi'nin Battalion Chief of the Austro-Hungarian Military Construction certificate is awarded by the superior service. Terzaghi Aspern'deki air fleet at the end of 1915 years of field commander of the air will be used to test aircraft.
Tested at the beginning of the command of the aircraft often arızalanmaktadır Terzaghi'nin. Severe injuries and death. This kind of accidents per week for at least two, three times is. Terzaghi considers himself to mechanical engineering education because of failure to realize that it is quick to aircraft design. His attempts to correct for each flight departure çıkarttırıp refused orders from the center of one of designers will take part in the pilot as well as accidents, so almost as soon as possible, will be eliminated completely. Terzaghi'nin Aspern'deki task ends in the fall of 1916. Vienna, Austria, and he called the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Istanbul as a professor at the School of Engineering to lead and to teach the basic construction is given a letter of invitation. Who the invitation of the Technical University of Graz Terzaghi'nin Forchheimer'dir teacher. Advisory council member of the Austrian Empire at that time Forchheimer and Istanbul High Engineer School (today's Istanbul Technical University) to reorganize the business of engineering education in the Ottoman Empire were assigned. Forchheimer, Terzaghi'deki ore is one of those who advance notice. The purpose of this invitation in the middle of the European war, both loved and admired Terzaghi'ye çalkanırken provide a relatively quiet academic environment as well as its known, is to provide a reliable friend. Terzaghi accept the invitation .. Terzaghi in early September with his family, came to Istanbul. The arrival of reports: "-1916 ', a nice evening of September I went to Istanbul. One of the world's most beautiful ports in the radiant beauty that surrounds this city of many nationalities and many people are amazed to see the moment as it comes before the beginning of the spell of those days could not defeat. "Terzaghi 12 September 1916, the School of Engineer-i Alisi'nde (Istanbul Technical University) begins the task. Years of war. The Ottoman army, allied states as well as Germany and Austria, Russia, the Allied Powers, Britain and France are fighting against. Most of the technical college students because of the war, the young officers in the front. After completing their training, they will go back to the front to join unions. The course of procedure-name-u Umumiye Terzaghi'nin school construction and (general construction methods) were. These courses present the basic construction of the name, covers road and rail classes. 10 hours of classes per week and must be in French. Terzaghi lecture notes, in French, prepared in a few weeks. Assistant Ilyas (Cural) Bey, in the classroom is helping him. Thus, for the first time in the world, then the whole world as the founder of modern soil mechanics, soil mechanics and foundation construction by Terzaghi selamlayacağı courses at Istanbul Technical University started to be given.
Terzaghi formerly of Arsenal and printer Tunnel Street (now Avenue Serdar Ekrem) Helbig apartment (now Doğan apartment) rents a small apartment, room, overlooking the Bosphorus and the Marmara. Total duration of the courses in more than ten hours of uninterrupted five hours two days a week and completes the third day by giving a few hours of classes. The rest of the time that has occupied the grounds ever since his head to reveal the strength bağıntılarını separates studies.
It is the years the tools needed for testing at the school. Established laboratory tools, empty cigarette boxes, the school kitchen scale, and consists of several steel strip. Lateral earth pressures behind a retaining wall of the first pioneering work makes these instruments. Before the results they obtain a civil engineering journal in Austria in 1920 and then emerging in America, "Engineering News Record" ta "old earth pressure theories and new experimental results," under the heading of publications. Experiments to arrive in the future will find it is very expensive and sophisticated instrument, the results are the same. Terzaghi'nin in Istanbul, in need of gadgetry, such as library facilities are very limited, but he is often in the future as specified by ITU is very advantageous in terms of media freedom to work. Istanbul Technical University, spent two years between 1916-1918 Terzaghi, "the happiest and most productive two years of his life as" expresses. At that time, Austria is the friend and ally of Turkey. For this reason, reputation and social status Terzaghi'nin an enviable level of education as an ambassador. Initially, the salary received exceeds the needs of her family. Terzaghi, published between 1860-1917 in this period, involving a large number of soil mechanics and foundation engineering document, bookshops and libraries in Vienna, Austria, during their visits by providing hundreds of books, articles and reports in a systematic review, evaluation, able to find the opportunity. Shores of the Bosphorus or the Marmara Terzaghi'ler weekends usually carve out their trips. That the first years of trouble-free relations for many years with his wife Terzaghi'nin. Subsequently, this relationship breaks down, will reach up to secession. Tube passage of the Bosphorus suspension bridge, or a matter of transition is also discussed in Terzaghi was working in Istanbul Technical University. This work deals with a British firm. Terzaghi proposed routes for the transition to the ground during one of the participating research by the British company prepares a preliminary report. A buffer zone of oil bearing rock layers of bituminous specifically interested in research, speeches made by contacting the American and some European companies. But the main discovery of the clay resources of the region is very suitable for the determination of the ceramics industry.
Indeed, the discovery of Terzaghi'nin and before long found the value of Turkey's most advanced industries in the region was one of the ceramic industry. Terzaghi'nin economic situation deteriorates gradually in 1918. Salary starts becoming too small. There is no time to be able to work out in the Declaration has the British High Commissioner at Istanbul Technical University Terzaghi'nin some time getting to know the business and the last shall be unprepared. Terzaghi's wife and children in Istanbul, runs out of money. A good chance at that time in Istanbul, the Bosphorus, a U.S. organization that engineering education needs teacher, Robert Kolej'inin. The school's teacher of the thermodynamic and gas equipment as a job reserved for a personal reason, suddenly. Terzaghi'nin mechanical engineer at the same time causes the fact that it had offered to give lessons. Conditions and the course will be heavy on issues perceived self-sufficient does not hesitate to sign the contract even though, because apparently there is no other choice. To work at Robert College, where the commission established by the occupying forces Terzaghi'nin residence permit extended until 20 February 1919. Terzaghi until January 19 at the last moment in the final separation of the Ambassador of Sweden in Istanbul, survived the intervention. But the price is very heavy. Must give 17 hours per week course. These are in addition to gas machines course irrigation, water resources, hydraulic concrete and theoretical courses. Terzaghi, Robert College, he starts to lecture on December 10 1918. After a few weeks in a building belonging to the engineering school starts to make a small laboratory of soil mechanics. Dr. Rector. Gates and his laboratory to establish Terzaghi'ye shows understanding supports the effort with a donation of $ 200.
Terzaghi, soil strength and other physical properties of the laboratory of solid efforts in the direction of research concentrates. Research plans to use clay-ridden region at the time, bandits, and the nearest road is 20 km away car. The authorities of sampling under these conditions there is very risky, and this would be his own responsibility, shall Terzaghi'ye. Terzaghi is committed to taking samples for experiments to continue. Works with the help of a friend makes the car scrapyard before standing. Next to the school after two students taking a bold claims the Black Sea coast region of clay (Kilyos) expenses. 60 kg sacks of clay samples are back up. On the road against the thugs who tried to stop them would have to fire up their weapons twice. They returned safe and sound back at Robert College in sevinmişlerdir for. In 1925, this killer Terzaghi'nin suppress Erdbau Mechanik's founding document of modern soil mechanics as mentioned in the book of II and VI clays. The time has reached. Terzaghi in March of 1919, based on a scientific basis, the research begins with the preparations. This is also the preparations for the establishment of modern soil mechanics. The birth of modern soil mechanics is a happy coincidence, the Turkish liberation movement has also begun, and products in the same period.
Terzaghi in early March of 1919, everything you need to research a paper, the author draws charts and instruments. They consist of three instrument. The establishment of modern soil mechanics, this paper is the first document may refer to as a percentage of the original Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, humidity-controlled room Terzaghi'nin medals, awards, and logs, together with the originals are kept in a steel frame.
Karl von TerzaghiScheme at the end of April of 1919, after being manufactured instruments drawn by Terzaghi begins the first tests. Works 12 hours a day for six weeks nonstop. Especially for the consolidation tests are required to have continuous recording. The laboratory by moving the bed to lie there for a while, then begins. During this operation a success, the other is a matter of fact Terzaghi'nin monitors and modifies his mind he had hoped to begin work within a much shorter period of time almost all the answers to questions. So within a year has reached its objective. During this time, saw his dream dream realized for many years, the geological material has started to uncover the relationships that govern the behavior of soils engineering. Displaying cohesion of sand, clay, and revealed a role in the behavior of solid bodies, has identified the effect of seepage pressure yıkılmasındaki dams. These discoveries in the past led him to forget all the troubles and pains. The most important result of the research in the grounds is to make the relationship between effective stress and pore water pressure. Grains on the ground floor of the pressure affecting the total effective stress caused by water pressure is met by the sum of expressing this relationship in civil engineering "effective stress" principle referred to as. The importance of this principle in civil engineering in physics the importance of Newton's position compared to the general shooting. Terzaghi'nin research work in 1923 will lose the old rate. Purpose of clay soils under constant pressure to get the relationship of mathematics as time goes by to jam. They attempt to solve this problem for days, until late at night. Finally, on 30 October 1923 will achieve this aim. The advantage of being brought up to the help of a mechanical engineer. After a busy thinking about that day, half an hour in the heat conduction in materials with the additional space could explore the analogy between the damping of water pressure. All aspects of the problem is solved so that the consolidation of clays. Differential equations that govern the structures served as fit them according to various boundary conditions and solving the structures of deformation and seating time to calculate the amount of living has become. This is an exceptional achievement as before.
In 1924, the City of Delft, the Netherlands participating in the First International Congress of Applied Mechanics Terzaghi there are "Events to Hydrodynamic Stress Field Theory and Their Application of Basic Technique" by the results of research that is very important for the notification reads. Now the audience sees the enthusiastic response to tray. In Congress and in the Forchheimer Terzaghi'nin squeezes his hand came near "-This is your day you were born to the world of science," he congratulates her. Terzaghi achieved success first, before the civil engineering field theories of experience without the hassle of having hindered by prejudice, the second as the capabilities of an unlimited freedom to work without accountability to anyone working in Turkey and the third as having the tools in the hands of its simplicity and because of the scarcity of experiments as a tool to use only is capable of bonding. All research should provide a working hypothesis started. These hypotheses about the link between cause and effect is sometimes based on the ideas include not only feelings. The next step is to verify the hypotheses of this work consists of planning experiments to do or to reveal the fallacy. Terzaghi experiments emphasizes the importance of using simple and inexpensive tools. Expensive and advanced instruments are prisoners of instruments up employment is likely to miss the essence of the work. But the hypothesis is verified, then the advanced tools will be useful to repeat the experiment. Results of the research in Turkey in 1925, Terzaghi, "Soil Physics Based on Soil Mechanics", published by Old Vienna, Franz Deuticke Publishing House publishes books. This book by the World Society of Civil Engineers is recognized as the founding document of modern soil mechanics.
Between 1916 and 1925 a period of nearly ten years of this period the history of Turkey Turkey Terzaghi'nin terms is one of the most important and moving periods. When the Ottoman government at work. Occupation of Istanbul, the War of Independence, the liberation of Istanbul on August 30 Victory Day, is witness of the population exchange and the Founding of the Republic. All of the observations of these events went to America in 1925, tells in a speech in Boston Chamber of Civil Engineers. Terzaghi's work by the end of 1924 and its conclusions strongly feels the need for the application of engineering practice. Engineering activities for this multi-faceted environment, there is a need to walk. Therefore, the only place where such an environment at that time that Terzaghi decides to go to America. Istanbul, leaving at every opportunity throughout the life of a very duygulanan Terzaghi reiterated that Turkey's second homeland.
Prof. ITU Journal. Dr. Kemal Özüdoğru
Karl Terzaghi RE Goodman
Note: This article is Sn. Prof. And the excerpt was written by Kemal Özüdoğru. Athens / Institution Login engineering Volume: 2, Issue: 5, 3-11 October 2003
The beauty and charm of the city Terzaghi'de inspire awe in the media. There is a raft foundation laid on the floor facing the clay and peat..
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